Ubunzima beSilage buhlukile ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, inqanaba lokukhula kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali. Kwimathiriyeli ekrwada yezityalo ekunzima ukuyisela (isiqulatho esisezantsi sekhabhohayidrethi, isiqulatho samanzi esiphezulu, i-buffering ephezulu), iselege eyomileyo, ingxubevange yefula yefula okanye ifula eyongeziweyo ingasetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Ukongezwa kwe-methyl (ant) ye-asidi ye-asidi yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ye-asidi ye-asidi phesheya. Phantse i-silage yaseNorway yongezwa malunga nama-70formic acid, i-United Kingdom ukususela ngo-1968 nayo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, idosi yayo yi-2.85 kg ngetoni nganye ye-silage ekrwada eyongeziweyo.85 formic acid, eUnited States ngetoni nganye yezinto ezikrwada zesilege zongeze i-90 ye-asidi ye-formic 4.53 kg. Kakade ke, isixaformic acidiyahluka ngokugxininiswa kwayo, ubunzima besilege kunye nenjongo yesilege, kwaye isixa sokongeza ngokubanzi si-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.5 yobunzima be-silage ekrwada, okanye i-2 ukuya kwi-4ml/kg.
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Formic acid yiasidi eyomeleleyo kwiiasidi eziphilayo, kwaye inamandla okunciphisa, yimveliso yokupheka. Ukongezwa kweformic acid ingcono kunokongezwa kwee-asidi ze-inorganic ezifana ne-H2SO4 kunye ne-HCl, kuba i-asidi ye-inorganic ineziphumo zokuphela kwe-asidi, kwaye formic acid ayinakunciphisa kuphela ixabiso le-pH yesileji, kodwa ikwanqanda ukuphefumla kwesityalo kunye neentsholongwane ezimbi (iClostridium, i-bacillus kunye nebhaktiriya e-gram-negative) ukubila. Ukwengeza,formic acid inokuboliswa ibe yi-CO2 engeyotyhefu kunye ne-CH4 kwimfuyo ngexesha le-silage kunye ne-rumen yokugaya, kunyeformic acid yona ngokwayo inokufunxwa kwaye isetyenziswe. I-silage eyenziwe nge-asidi ye-formic inombala oluhlaza oqaqambileyo, i-fragrance kunye nomgangatho ophezulu, kwaye ilahleko yokubola kweprotheyini yi-0.3 ~ 0.5 kuphela, ngelixa ngokubanzi i-silage ifikelela kwi-1.1 ~ 1.3. Njengomphumo wokongezwa kwe-asidi ye-formic kwi-alfalfa kunye ne-clover silage, i-fiber ekrwada yancitshiswa ngu-5.2 ~ 6.4, kwaye i-fiber ehlanjululweyo eyancitshiswayo yayiyi-hydrolyzed ibe yi-oligosaccharides, enokuthi ifunwe kwaye isetyenziswe zizilwanyana, ngelixa i-fiber ekrwada ngokubanzi yancitshiswa kuphela. ngo-1.1~1.3. Ukongeza, yongezaformic acidkwi-silage kungenza ilahleko ye-carotene, ivithamin C, i-calcium, i-phosphorus kunye nezinye izondlo ezingaphantsi kwe-silage eqhelekileyo.
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2.1 Impembelelo ye-asidi ye-formic kwi-pH
Nangonaformic acid yeyona acidic kusapho lwe-fatty acid, ibuthathaka kakhulu kune-acids ye-inorganic esetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-AIV. Ukunciphisa ipH yezityalo ibe ngaphantsi kwe-4.0,formic acid ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixa ezikhulu. Ukongezwa kwe-asidi ye-formic kunokwehlisa ixabiso le-pH ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lokuqala le-silage, kodwa kuneziphumo ezahlukileyo kwixabiso lokugqibela le-pH yesisele. Iqondo aphoformic acid utshintsho pH lukwachatshazelwa zizinto ezininzi. Ubungakanani bebhaktiriya ye-lactic acid (LAB) yehle ngesiqingatha kwaye i-pH yesisele inyuke kancinci ngokudibanisa.85 formic acid4ml/kg ukufuya ifula yefula. Nini formic acid (5ml/kg) yongezwa kwifula yefula, i-LAB yehle nge-55 kwaye i-pH inyuke ukusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-3.91. Isiphumo esiqhelekileyo seformic acid kwimathiriyeli ekrwada yesilege enomthamo wekhabhohayidrethi ezinyibilikayo zamanzi aphantsi (WSC). Kolu phononongo, banyange i-alfalfa silage enamanqanaba asezantsi (1.5ml/kg), aphakathi (3.0ml/kg), kunye namanqanaba aphezulu (6.0ml/kg)85 formic acid. Iziphumo I-pH yayingaphantsi kunaleyo yeqela lolawulo, kodwa ngokunyuka kweformic acidukugxininiswa, i-pH yehla ukusuka kwi-5.35 ukuya kwi-4.20. Kwizityalo ezithintelweyo, ezifana nengca yemifuno, iasidi eninzi iyafuneka ukuhlisa i-pH ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo. Kucetyiswa ukuba umgangatho wokusetyenziswa ofanelekileyo we-alfalfa yi-5 ~ 6ml / kg.
2.2 Iziphumo zeformic acid kwi-microflora
Njengamanye ama-acids anamafutha, umphumo we-antibacterial weformic acid kungenxa yeempembelelo ezimbini, enye yimpembelelo ye-hydrogen ion concentration, kwaye enye kukukhethwa kwee-acids ezingekho simahla kwiibhaktheriya. Kuluhlu olufanayo lwe-fatty acid, i-concentration ye-hydrogen ion iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-molecular weight, kodwa i-antibacterial effect iyanda, kwaye le propati inokunyuka ubuncinane kwi-C12 acid. Kwakuzimisele ukubaformic acid ibenempembelelo entle ekuthinteleni ukukhula kwebhaktiriya xa ixabiso le-pH lalisisi-4.formic acidkwaye wafumanisa ukuba iintlobo ezikhethiweyo zePediococcus kunye neStreptococcus zonke zazithintelweformic acidumgangatho we-4.5ml / kg. Nangona kunjalo, i-lactobacilli (i-L. Buchneri L. Cesei kunye ne-L. platarum) ayizange ivinjwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, iintlobo ze-Bacillus subtilis, i-Bacillus pumilis, kunye ne-B. Brevis zikwazi ukukhula kwi-4.5ml / kg ye formic acid. Ukongezwa kwe 85 formic acid(4ml / kg) kunye ne-50 sulfuric acid (3ml / kg), ngokulandelanayo, yanciphisa i-pH ye-silage kumanqanaba afanayo, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-asidi ye-formic ithintele kakhulu umsebenzi we-LAB (66g / kgDM kwiqela le-asidi ye-formic, i-122 kwiqela lokulawula , I-102 kwiqela le-sulfuric acid), ngaloo ndlela igcina inani elikhulu le-WSC (211g / kg kwiqela le-formic acid, i-12 kwiqela lokulawula, i-12 kwiqela le-asidi). Iqela le-asidi ye-sulfuric ngama-64), enokubonelela ngemithombo yamandla engakumbi ekukhuleni kwe-rumen microorganisms. Amagwele anokunyamezela okukhethekileyoformic acid, kwaye amanani amakhulu ezi ntsholongwane afunyenwe kwi-silage ekrwada ephathwa ngamanqanaba acetyiswayoformic acid. Ubukho kunye nomsebenzi weyeast kwi-silage ayinqweneleki. Phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, igwele libilisa iswekile ukufumana amandla, ukuvelisa i-ethanol kunye nokunciphisa into eyomileyo.Formic acid inempembelelo ebalulekileyo yokuthintela kwiClostridium difficile kunye neebhaktheriya zamathumbu, kodwa amandla esiphumo axhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-asidi esetyenzisiweyo, kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-asidi.formic acid ngokwenene ukukhuthaza ukukhula ezinye heterobacteria. Ngokumalunga nokuthintela i-enterobacter, ukongezwa kweformic acid i-pH iyancipha, kodwa inani le-enterobacter alikwazanga ukuncitshiswa, kodwa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwebhaktheriya ye-lactic acid inhibited enterobacter, kuba isiphumoformic acid kwi-enterobacter yayingaphantsi kwaleyo ye-lactic acid bacteria. Baye baqaphela ukuba amanqanaba aphakathi (3 ukuya kwi-4ml / kg) yeformic acid inokuthintela iibhaktheriya ze-lactic acid ngaphezu kwe-enterobacter, ekhokelela kwimiphumo emibi kwi-fermentation; Ngaphezulu kancinci formic acid amanqanaba anqande zombini iLactobacillus kunye ne-enterobacter. Ngophononongo lwe-ryegrass engapheliyo ene-360g/kg umxholo weDM, kwafunyaniswa ukubaformic acid (3.5g / kg) inokunciphisa inani elipheleleyo le-microorganisms, kodwa inempembelelo encinci kumsebenzi we-lactic acid bacteria. Iingxowa ezinkulu ze-alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage ziphathwe nge-asidi ye-formic (4.0 ml / kg, 8.0ml / kg). Isisele safakwa kwi-clostridium kunye ne-Aspergillus flavus. Emva kweentsuku eziyi-120,formic acid yayingenayo impembelelo kwinani le-clostridium, kodwa yayine-inhibition epheleleyo kule yokugqibela.Formic acid ikwakhuthaza ukukhula kwebhaktheriya yeFusarium.
2.3 Iziphumo zeFormic acidkwisakhiwo seSilaji Iziphumo zeformic acid kwimichiza yeSilaji iyahluka ngokwenqanaba lesicelo, iintlobo zezityalo, inqanaba lokukhula, umxholo weDM kunye neWSC, kunye nenkqubo yesisele.
Kwizinto ezivunwayo kunye ne-chain flail, ephantsiformic acid Unyango alusebenzi kangako kwiClostridium, ethintela ukuqhekeka kweeproteni, kwaye kuphela ngamanqanaba aphezulu e-asidi yefomi anokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngezinto ezinqunqwe kakuhle, zonke i-silage ene-fomic ephathwayo igcinwe kakuhle. Imixholo ye-DM, iprotheni ye-nitrogen kunye ne-lactic acid kwiformic acidiqela landiswa, ngelixa imixholo yeiacetic acid kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen zancitshiswa. Ngokunyuka kweformic acid ugxininiso,iacetic acid kunye ne-lactic acid yehla, i-WSC kunye neprotheni ye-nitrogen yanda. Niniformic acid (4.5ml / kg) yongezwa kwi-alfalfa silage, xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula, umxholo we-lactic acid wehla kancane, ishukela e-soluble yanda, kwaye amanye amacandelo awazange atshintshe kakhulu. Nini formic acid yongezwa kwizityalo ezityebileyo kwi-WSC, ukuvutshelwa kwe-lactic acid kukongamela kwaye isisele sagcinwa kakuhle.Formic acid umda imveliso yeiacetic acid kunye ne-lactic acid kunye ne-WSC egciniweyo. Sebenzisa amanqanaba ama-6 (0, 0.4, 1.0,. I-Ryegrass-clover silage enomxholo weDM we-203g/kg yanyangwaformic acid (85)ye 2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml/kg. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-WSC iye yanda ngokunyuka kwenqanaba le-asidi ye-formic, i-ammonia nitrogen kunye ne-acetic acid ngokuchaseneyo, kunye nomxholo we-lactic acid wanda kuqala kwaye wehla. Ukongeza, uphando luphinde lwafumanisa ukuba xa amanqanaba aphezulu (4.1 kunye ne-7.7ml / kg) yeformic acid Isiqulatho se-WSC kwisisele yi-211 kunye ne-250g/kgDM, ngokulandelelanayo, egqithise i-WSC yokuqala yemathiriyeli ekrwada yefula yefula (199g/kgDM). Kucingelwa ukuba imbangela ingaba yi-hydrolysis ye-polysaccharides ngexesha lokugcinwa. Iziphumo I-lactic acid,iacetic acid kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen ye-silage ngaphakathiformic acidiqela belingaphantsi kancinane kunabo bakwiqela lolawulo, kodwa libe nefuthe elincinane kwamanye amacandelo. Ibhali yonke kunye nombona ovunwe kwibakala lokuvuthwa kwewax wanyangwa nge-asidi ye-asidi engama-85 (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), kunye nesiqulatho seswekile enyibilikayo kwiselege yombona yonyuswe kakhulu, ngelixa iziqulatho ze-lactic acid, i-acetic acid kunye ammonia nitrogen zancipha. Umxholo we-lactic acid kwi-silage yebhali yehla kakhulu, i-ammonia nitrogen kunyeiacetic acid nayo yehla, kodwa ayicacanga, kwaye iswekile enyibilikayo yanda.
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Umfuniselo waqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukongezwa kwe formic acidIfula yefula ibe luncedo ekuphuculeni ukutya okuzithandelayo kweselege eyomileyo kunye nokusebenza kwemfuyo. Ukongezaformic acidi-silage ngokuthe ngqo emva kokuvuna inokunyusa ukubonakala kwe-digestibility ye-organic matter 7, ngelixa i-silage i-wilting inyuka kuphela 2. Xa ukugaya amandla kuthathelwa ingqalelo, unyango lwe-formic acid luphucula ngaphantsi kwe-2. Emva kovavanyo oluninzi, kukholelwa ukuba idatha yokugaya organic lucala ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukubila. Uvavanyo lokutyisa lukwabonise ukuba umndilili wokuzuza ubunzima bemfuyo ngama-71 kunye nowokuvuthuluka kwesisele ngama-27. Ukongeza, i-fomic acid yesisele iphucula ukuveliswa kobisi2. Uvavanyo lokondla ngefula kunye nefomic acid elungiswe ngemathiriyeli ekrwada efanayo ibonise ukuba ifula yesisele inokunyusa isivuno sobisi lweenkomo zobisi. Ipesenti yokunyuka komsebenzi kwiformic acid Unyango lwalusezantsi kwimveliso yobisi kunokuzuza ubunzima. Ukongeza isixa esaneleyo se-asidi ye-formic kwizityalo ezinzima (ezifana nengca yonyawo lwenkukhu, i-alfalfa) kunempembelelo ecacileyo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. Iziphumo zeformic acid unyango lwe-alfalfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml/kg) lubonise ukuba i-organic digestibility, into eyomileyo kunye nenzuzo yemihla ngemihla ye-fomic acid silage kwiinkomo kunye neegusha yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lolawulo.
Inzuzo yemihla ngemihla yeegusha kwiqela lolawulo ide yabonisa ukwanda okubi. Ukongezwa kwe-asidi ye-formic kwizityalo ezicebileyo ze-WSC kunye nomxholo we-DM ophakathi (190-220g / kg) ngokuqhelekileyo kunempembelelo encinci ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. Iseleji ye-Ryegrass ene-formic acid (2.6ml/kg) yenziwa kuvavanyo lokutyisa. Nangonaformic acid i-silage yonyusa ubunzima be-11 xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, umahluko wawungabalulekanga. Ukwetyisa kwezisele zimbini ezilinganiswe kwiigusha kwakufana kakhulu. Ukondla isilege yombona kwiinkomo zobisi kubonise okoformic acidukwanda kancinane kokuthathwa kweselege eyomileyo, kodwa akubanga nafuthe kwimveliso yobisi. Kukho ulwazi oluncinci malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandlai-fomic acid silage. Kulingelo lweegusha, amandla okuxinanisana anokugaywa kwento eyomileyo kunye nempumelelo yogcino lwefula yesisele ibiphezulu kunaleyo yefula nefula evunwe ngamaxesha amathathu okukhula. Uvavanyo lokuthelekisa ixabiso lamandla nge-hay kunye ne-fomic acid silage alubonisanga mahluko ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuguqula amandla e-metabolic abe ngamandla ashiyekileyo. Ukongezwa kwe-asidi ye-formic kwingca yokutya kunokunceda ukukhusela iprotheni yayo.
Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba unyango lwe-asidi ye-formic yengca kunye ne-alfalfa ingaphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-nitrogen kwi-silage, kodwa ayizange ibe nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwi-digestibility. Izinga lokuthotywa kwenitrogen enyangwa ngefomomic acid kwirumen ibalelwa kuma-50 ~ 60 % yenitrogen iyonke.
Ingabonwa ukuba amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-fomic acid silage kwi-rumen synthesis yeeprotheni ze-thallus kuyancipha. Izinga lokuthotywa kwezinto ezomileyo kwirumen liye laphucuka kakhului-fomic acid silage. Nangona ifomic acid silage inokunciphisa imveliso ye ammonia, isenokunciphisa ukucoleka kweeprotheyini kwirumen kunye namathumbu.
4. Ukuxuba umphumo we formic acid nezinye iimveliso
4.1Formic acid kunye ne-formaldehyde ixutywe kwimveliso, kwaye formic acidyodwa isetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-silage, ebiza kakhulu kwaye idla; Ukugaywa kwemfuyo kunye nokomileyo kwemfuyo kuye kwehliswa xa isisele sinyangwa ngoxinaniso olukhulu formic acid. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-formic acid lukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-clostridium. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukudibanisa i-formic acid kunye ne-formaldehyde ene-concentration ephantsi kunempembelelo engcono. I-asidi ye-formic ikakhulu isebenza njenge-fermentation inhibitor, ngelixa i-formaldehyde ikhusela iiproteni ekuboleni ngokugqithisileyo kwirumen.
Xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula, inzuzo yemihla ngemihla yanda ngo-67 kwaye imveliso yobisi yanda ngokungeza i-acid ye-formic kunye ne-formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) wenza umxube wengcaformic acid i-silage (3.14g/kg) kunye ne-formic acid (2.86g/kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g/kg), kwaye yalinganisa ukugaywa kwesisele kunye neegusha, kwaye yenza imifuniselo yokutyisa iinkomo ezikhulayo. Iziphumo Bekukho umahluko omncinci ekutyeni phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zesisele, kodwa amandla anokumetabolizable eformal-formaldehyde silage ayephezulu kakhulu kunesilaji.i-fomic acid silage yedwa. Ukuthathwa kwamandla okumetabolizable kunye nenzuzo yemihla ngemihla ye-formal-formaldehyde silage ibiphezulu kakhulu kune formic acid ifula yefula yodwa xa iinkomo bezityiswa isisele kunye nerhasi yongezwa nge-1.5 kg ngosuku. Idizayini exutyiweyo equlathe malunga ne-2.8ml/kg yeformic acid kunye nezinga elisezantsi le formaldehyde (malunga ne 19g/kg ye protein) inokuba yeyona ndibaniselwano ilungileyo kwizityalo zamadlelo.
4.2Formic acid ixutywe nee-arhente zebhayoloji Udibaniso lweformic acid kunye nezongezo zebhayoloji zinokuphucula ngokubonakalayo ukwakheka kwesondlo sesilege. Ingca yeCattail (DM 17.2) isetyenziswe njengezinto eziluhlaza, i-asidi ye-formic kunye ne-lactobacillus yongezwa kwi-silage. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba iibhaktheriya ze-lactic acid zivelise ngakumbi kwisigaba sokuqala se-silage, eyaba nefuthe elihle ekunqandeni ukuvundiswa kwee-microorganisms ezimbi. Ngaxeshanye, isiqulatho sokugqibela se-lactic acid kwisisele sasiphezulu kakhulu kunesilaji esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-fomic acid yesileji, inqanaba le-asidi ye-lactic lonyuswe ngama-50 ~ 90, ngelixa iziqulatho ze-propyl, i-butyric acid kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen ziye zehla kakhulu. . Umlinganiselo we-asidi ye-lactic kwi-acetic acid (L/A) uye wanda kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iibhaktiriya ze-lactic acid zandisa iqondo lokuvubela okulinganayo ngexesha le-silage.
5 Isishwankathelo
Kunokubonwa apha ngasentla ukuba isixa esifanelekileyo se-fomic acid kwi-silage sinxulumene neentlobo zezityalo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo okuvuna. Ukongezwa kwe-asidi ye-formic kuyayinciphisa i-pH, umxholo we-ammonia nitrogen, kwaye igcina iswekile enyibilikayo ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, umphumo wokongezaformic acidmalunga nokugaywa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso yemfuyo kusaza kuphononongwa ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-06-2024