Ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-glacial acetic acid

Ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-glacial acetic acid

Acetic acid, ikwabizwaiacetic acid, glacial acetic acid, ifomula yemichizaCH3COOH, i-organic monic acid kunye ne-short-chain saturated fatty acid, engumthombo we-asidi kunye nevumba elibi kwiviniga. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ibizwa ngokuba “iacetic acid", kodwa iacetic acid esulungekileyo nephantse ibe yianhydrous (ngaphantsi kwe-1% yomxholo wamanzi) ibizwa ngokuba "glacial acetic acid“, into eqinileyo engenambala yehygroscopic enendawo yokukhenkca ye-16 ukuya kwi-17° C (62° F), kwaye emva kokuqina, ikristale engenambala. Nangona iacetic acid iyiasidi ebuthathaka, iyadla, umphunga wayo uyacaphukisa emehlweni nasempumlweni, yaye inevumba elibukhali nelimuncu.

imbali

Imfuno yonyaka yehlabathi jikeleleiacetic acid imalunga ne-6.5 yezigidi zeetoni. Koku, malunga ne-1.5 yezigidi zeetoni zihlaziywa kwaye i-5 yezigidi zeetoni eziseleyo ziveliswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-petrochemical feedstocks okanye nge-biological fermentation.

Iglacial acetic acid iibhaktheriya ezibilayo (i-Acetobacter) inokufumaneka kuzo zonke iimbombo zehlabathi, kwaye isizwe ngasinye ngokungenakuthintelwa sifumana iviniga xa sisenza iwayini - yimveliso yendalo yezi ziselo zinxilisayo ezivezwe emoyeni. Ngokomzekelo, eTshayina, kukho intetho ethi unyana kaDu Kang, uBlack Tower, wafumana iviniga ngenxa yokuba wenza iwayini ixesha elide.

Ukusetyenziswa kweglacial acetic acidkwi-chemistry ibuyele kumaxesha amandulo. Ngenkulungwane yesi-3 BC, isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uTheophrastus sichaze ngokweenkcukacha indlela i-acetic acid esabela ngayo ngesinyithi ukuvelisa i-pigments esetyenziswa kubugcisa, kubandakanywa nelothe emhlophe (lead carbonate) kunye nepatina (umxube weetyuwa zobhedu kuquka ne-acetate yobhedu). AmaRoma amandulo ayebilisa iwayini emuncu kwizikhongozeli zelothe ukuze avelise isiraphu eswiti eninzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-sapa. I-sapa yayityebile kwiswekile yelothe enevumba elimnandi, ilothe iacetate, eyabangela ityhefu yelothe phakathi kwezidwangube zaseRoma. Ngenkulungwane ye-8, i-alchemist yasePersi uJaber wagxininisa i-acetic acid kwiviniga nge-distillation.

Ngo-1847, isazinzulu saseJamani uAdolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe wadibanisa iacetic acid okokuqala ngqa kwimathiriyeli ekrwada engaphiliyo. Inkqubo yale mpendulo yi-carbon disulfide yokuqala nge-chlorination kwi-carbon tetrachloride, ilandelwa yi-high-temperature decomposition ye-tetrachlorethylene emva kwe-hydrolysis, kunye ne-chlorination, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa i-trichloroacetic acid, inyathelo lokugqibela lokunciphisa i-electrolytic ukuvelisa i-acetic acid.

Ngowe-1910, uninzi lwazoglacial acetic acid yayitsalwa kwitela yamalahle kwimithi ejikisiweyo. Okokuqala, i-tar yamalahle iphathwa nge-calcium hydroxide, kwaye emva koko i-calcium acetate eyenziwe i-acidified kunye ne-sulfuric acid ukufumana i-acetic acid kuyo. Malunga ne-10,000 yeetoni ze-glacial acetic acid zaveliswa eJamani ngeli xesha, i-30% yazo yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza idayi ye-indigo.

ukulungiselela

Glacial acetic acid inokulungiswa nge-artificial synthesis kunye ne-bacterial fermentation. Namhlanje, i-biosynthesis, ukusetyenziswa kwe-bacterial fermentation, i-akhawunti ye-10% kuphela yemveliso yonke yehlabathi, kodwa iseyeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuvelisa iviniga, kuba imimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya kumazwe amaninzi ifuna ukuba iviniga ekutyeni ilungiswe ngokwezinto eziphilayo. 75% yeiacetic acid ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso kuveliswa yi-carbonylation ye-methanol. Amalungu angenamntu adityaniswa ngezinye iindlela.

sebenzisa

Glacial acetic acid i-asidi ye-carboxylic elula, equkethe iqela elinye le-methyl kunye neqela elinye le-carboxylic, kwaye liyi-reagent ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali. Kwishishini lemichiza, lisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-polyethylene terephthalate, inxalenye ephambili yeebhotile zesiselo.Glacial acetic acid ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-cellulose acetate yefilimu kunye ne-acetate ye-polyvinyl yokuncamathelisa iinkuni, kunye neentsinga ezininzi zokwenziwa kunye namalaphu. Ekhaya, dilute isisombululo se glacial acetic acidisetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-arhente yokwehlisa. Kwishishini lokutya, i-acetic acid ichazwe njengomlawuli we-acidity kuluhlu lwezongezo zokutya E260.

Glacial acetic acidsisixhobo esisisiseko sekhemikhali esisetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni iikhompawundi ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa okukodwa kwe iacetic acid kukulungiswa kwe-vinyl acetate monomer, elandelwa kukulungiswa kwe-acetic anhydride kunye nezinye ii-esters. Iiacetic acid kwiviniga iqhekezana elincinane lazo zonkeglacial acetic acid.

Isisombululo se-acetic acid exutyiweyo sikwasetyenziswa rhoqo njengearhente yokususa umhlwa ngenxa yeasidi ethambileyo. Ubumuncu bayo bukwasetyenziselwa ukunyanga izivubeko ezibangelwa yiCubomedusae kwaye, ukuba isetyenziswe kwangethuba, inokuthintela ukwenzakala okumandundu okanye nokufa ngokukhubaza iiseli ezilumayo zejellyfish. Ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela unyango lwe-otitis yangaphandle kunye neVosol.Acetic acid ikwasetyenziswa njengesithinteli sokutshiza ukuthintela ukukhula kwebhaktiriya kunye nomngundo.