formic acid

1. Usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-asidi ye-formic kunye nenkqubela yophando kwiiseli zamafutha
Njengemathiriyeli yokugcina ihydrogen, iasidi yefomic inokukhupha isixa esikhulu sehydrogen ukuze isetyenziswe ngokusabela ngokufanelekileyo xa ifuneka, kwaye iyindawo ephakathi ezinzileyo yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nokuthutha ngokukhuselekileyo amandla ehydrogen.
I-asidi ye-formic ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela kwimizi-mveliso kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali, kodwa ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo esitsha sokunyibilikisa ikhephu esisingqongileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliseka kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba.
I-asidi ye-formic ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iiseli ze-fuel ezisekelwe kwifomu ezisebenzisa i-asidi ye-formic ngqo njengemathiriyeli ekrwada. Ngokuphendula i-asidi ye-formic kunye ne-oksijini ukuvelisa i-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi, iiseli ze-fuel zinokuvelisa umbane ukunika amandla izixhobo ezincinci eziphathwayo ezifana neeselfowuni kunye neelaptops.
Iiseli zamafutha emveli ziiseli zamafutha e-hydrogen kunye neeseli ze-methanol. Imida yeeseli zamafutha e-hydrogen lixabiso eliphezulu lezikhongozeli ze-hydrogen ezincinci, ukuxinana kwamandla aphantsi kwe-hydrogen enegesi, kunye nokuhamba okunokuba yingozi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen; Nangona i-methanol inoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu, izinga le-oxidation ye-electrocatalytic lisezantsi kakhulu kune-hydrogen, kwaye i-methanol iyityhefu, ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi. I-asidi ye-formic lulwelo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, inetyhefu encinci, kwaye inamandla aphezulu e-electromotive kune-hydrogen kunye ne-methanol, ngoko ke iiseli ze-acid yefomic zinamandla amakhulu kunye noluhlu lwesicelo xa kuthelekiswa ne-hydrogen kunye neeseli ze-methanol zamafutha [9-10]. Iseli ye-fuel ye-fomic acid ethe ngqo (i-DFAFC) sisizukulwana esitsha sobonelelo lwamandla oluhambayo kunye noluphathwayo ngenxa yenkqubo yalo elula yokuvelisa, amandla athile aphezulu kunye namandla. Ubuchwephesha buguqula amandla ekhemikhali agcinwe kwi-asidi ye-formic kunye neoksijini ngqo kumbane.
Ibhetri, ukuba iphuhlisiwe, iya kuba nakho ukunika malunga ne-10 watts amandla ngokuqhubekayo, okuthetha ukuba inokusebenzisa uninzi lwezixhobo ezincinci. Ukongezelela, njengomthombo wamandla, iiseli ze-fuel acid ze-fomic ngqo zineenzuzo zokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokukhanya, njengokungabikho kweplagi-in charge, xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Njengoko itekhnoloji ikhula, kulindeleke ukuba ikhuphisane neebhetri ze-lithium kwimakethi encinci yokubonelela ngombane. Kwangaxeshanye, iiseli zamafutha e-asidi efomini zinezibonelelo zokungatshi, ezingatshiyo, ugcino olufanelekileyo kunye nothutho, umsebenzi we-electrochemical, uxinano lwamandla aphezulu, iproton conductivity, ukuhanjiswa okuncinci kwi-membrane yokutshintshiselana kweproton, kwaye inokuvelisa amandla amakhulu aphumayo. Ubuninzi beqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, elithandwa ngokubanzi ziingcali kwishishini. Ishishini le-elektroniki liya kuba ngumxhamli omkhulu ukuba iibhetri ezinjalo zinokusebenza. Ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe kunye nokunciphisa iindleko, i-fomic acid cell cell iya kubonisa ithemba elihle lokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokonga amandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
I-asidi ye-Formic, njengemveliso yeekhemikhali enexabiso eliphezulu elongezelelweyo ekusetyenzweni kwekhabhoni diokside kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweekhemikhali zezinto eziluhlaza, yimveliso eyongezelelweyo yomjikelezo wekhabhoni kwaye inciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa. Kwixesha elizayo, iya kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwekhabhoni kunye namandla kunye nokwahlukana kwemithombo.

2. I-asidi ye-Formic yi-asidi ye-formic. Ngaba i-asidi ye-acetic ye-formic?
I-asidi ye-formic i-asidi ye-formic, i-asidi ye-formic ayikho i-acetic acid, i-acetic acid ayikho i-asidi ye-formic, i-asidi ye-formic yi-asidi. Ucinga ukuba uXiaobian uluthwathwa kakhulu, eneneni, uXiaobian unyanisekile ukuba wazise ezi zinto zimbini zahlukeneyo zekhemikhali.
I-asidi ye-Formic ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-asidi ye-formic kwaye ine-formula HCOOH. Iasidi esefomini ayinambala kodwa irhabaxa kwaye ibangela amadyungudyungu kwaye emva koko ibebomvu xa udibana nolusu lomntu. I-formaldehyde ineempawu ze-asidi kunye ne-aldehyde. Kwishishini lemichiza, i-asidi ye-formic isetyenziselwa irabha, iyeza, idayi, amashishini esikhumba. I-asidi ye-Formic, ngegama layo eliqhelekileyo, yi-asidi ye-carboxylic elula. Ulwelo olungenambala olunevumba elinukayo. I-electrolyte ebuthathaka, indawo yokunyibilika i-8.6, indawo yokubilisa i-100.7. I-acidic kakhulu kwaye i-caustic, kwaye inokuthukuthela ulusu lube ngamadyunguza. Ifumaneka kwiimfihlo zeenyosi kunye neembovane ezithile kunye neembungu.
i-asidi ye-formic (i-asidi ye-formic) yi-asidi ye-carboxylic eyanciphayo kunye nekhabhoni enye. Ngaphambili yafunyanwa kwiimbovane, yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-formic acid.
I-acetic acid, ebizwa ngokuba yi-acetic acid (36% -38%), i-glacial acetic acid (98%), i-chemical formula CH3COOH, luhlobo lwe-organic monic acid, njengenxalenye ephambili yeviniga. I-anhydrous acetic acid ecocekileyo (glacial acetic acid) yinto eqinileyo yehygroscopic engenambala enendawo yokukhenkce eyi 16.6℃ kunye nekristale engenambala emva kokuqiniswa. Isisombululo sayo esinamanzi sibuthathaka kwaye siyakhukulisa, kwaye umphunga unomphumo ocaphukisayo emehlweni nasempumlweni.
Formic acid isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimichiza amayeza, irabha coagulant, olulukiweyo, ushicilelo kunye ukudaya, electroplating, amasimi yesikhumba, yimathiriyeli ekrwada esisiseko kushishino organic imichiza, idla ngokusetyenziswa kushishino ikakhulu ibhekisela 85% formic acid.

3. Uwasusa njani amanzi kwi-asidi yefom?
I-asidi ye-formic yokususa amanzi, inokongeza i-anhydrous copper sulfate, i-anhydrous magnesium sulfate ukususa amanzi, ezi ziindlela zeekhemikhali, ngaphezu kwemiyalelo ethile.
(1) Ukuwisa ulwelo lwe-sulfuric acid exubileyo kwi-asidi yefom, kufuneka yongezwe ngefaneli yokwahlula. Ngoko ke, kufuneka sikhethe isixhobo ②; Isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide, isisombululo se-calcium hydroxide sinokufunxa igesi encinci ye-formic acid exutywe kwi-CO, kodwa amandla okufunxa isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide yomelele kunesisombululo se-calcium hydroxide. Ngoko ke, isixhobo ozikhethelayo ③;
(2) Igesi ye-carbon monoxide eveliswayo ikhutshwe kwi-B, ukusuka kwi-D ukuya kwisisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukususa igesi ye-formic acid, kunye ne-C; Kwaye ke ungena usuka ku-G, phantsi kweemeko ezishushu. Ukuncipha kwekharbhon monoxide yecopper oxide, igesi esuka kuH, ize ke isuke kuF iye kwisisombululo secalcium hydroxide, kuvavanya imveliso yecarbon dioxide. Ke ngoko, ulandelelwano lonxibelelwano lojongano lwesixhobo ngasinye lu: B, D, C, G, H, F.
(3) Phantsi kwemeko yokufudumeza, i-oksidi yobhedu iyancitshiswa ibe lubhedu, ngoko ke, ukusuka ekuqaleni kokufudumeza ukuya ekupheleni kovavanyo, utshintsho lombala wecopper oxide ngumgubo: umnyama uba bomvu, i-equation yokusabela yile: CuO + CO
△ Cu+CO2.
(4) Ekuphenduleni ukuvelisa i-CO, i-sulfuric acid concentrated dehydrates formic acid ukuvelisa i-carbon monoxide, edlala indima yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Impendulo ithi:
(1) ②, ③;
(2) BDCGHF;
(3) Mnyama ukuya kubomvu, CuO+CO △Cu+CO2;
(4) ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.

4. Inkcazo yeepropati, ukuzinza kunye neendlela zokugcina i-anhydrous formic acid
Ugxininiso lwe-asidi ye-formic iphezulu kune-95% ukuze ibe yi-asidi ye-formic egxininisiweyo, i-concentrate engaphezu kwe-99.5% eyaziwa ngokuba yi-anhydrous formic acid, yimathiriyeli esisiseko ye-organic chemical industry, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimichiza yekhemikhali, i-rubber coagulant, i-textile, i-printing kunye nokudaya. , i-electroplating, isikhumba kunye nezinye iindawo, oku kunye ne-anhydrous formic acid properties kunye nokuzinza akunakuhlukana, kwiipropati kunye nokuzinza kwe-anhydrous formic acid kunye neendlela zokugcina ezichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Iipropati kunye nokuzinza kwe-anhydrous formic acid:
1. Iimpawu zeMichiza: I-asidi ye-Formic yi-arhente yokunciphisa eyomeleleyo kwaye inokuvelisa i-react mirror reaction. I-acidic ngakumbi kwi-fatty acids acids, kwaye i-dissociation constant yi-2.1 × 10-4. Ngokucothayo iqhekeka ibe yicarbon monoxide namanzi akwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Ngokufudumeza okugxininisiweyo kwe-sulfuric acid 60 ~ 80 ℃, ukubola kukhulula i-carbon monoxide. I-asidi yefomic iyabola ukuze ikhuphe ikharbon diokside kunye ne-hydrogen xa ishushu ngaphezu kwe-160℃. Ityuwa yesinyithi yealkali yefomic acid ifudunyezwa ku-**400℃ ukwenza i-oxalate.
2. Formic acid inyibilikisa amafutha. Ukuphefumla imiphunga ye-asidi ye-formic kunokubangela ukucaphuka okukhulu kwi-mucosa yempumlo kunye nomlomo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekudumbeni. Nxiba imaski ekhuselayo kunye neeglavu zerabha xa uphethe i-fomic acid. Indawo yokusebenzela kufuneka ibe neshawa kunye nezixhobo zokuhlamba amehlo, indawo yokusebenzela kufuneka ibe nomoya olungileyo, kwaye iqondo eliphezulu elivumelekileyo le-asidi ye-asidi emoyeni ngaphakathi kwendawo yomda yi-5*10-6. Amaxhoba e-inhalation kufuneka ashiye indawo ngokukhawuleza, aphefumlele umoya omtsha, kwaye aphefumle i-2% ye-atomized sodium bicarbonate. Emva kokuba ungcolisekile nge-asidi ye-formic, hlamba ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi amaninzi, qaphela ukuba ungasuli ngelaphu elimanzi.
3. Uzinzo: Ukuzinza
4. Ingozi yePolymerization: Akukho polymerization
5. Ikhompawundi engavumelekanga: i-oxidant enamandla, i-alkali eyomeleleyo, umgubo wesinyithi osebenzayo
Indlela yokugcina iasidi yefomi yeanhydrous:
Izilumkiso zokugcinwa kwe-anhydrous formic acid: Gcina kwindawo epholileyo nengena umoya. Zigcine kude nomlilo nobushushu. Iqondo lobushushu legumbi lokugcina alikho ngaphezu kwe-32℃, kwaye ukufuma akudluli kuma-80%. Gcina isitya sivaliwe. Kufuneka igcinwe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-oxidizer, i-alkali kunye ne-powder yensimbi esebenzayo, kwaye akufanele ixutywe. Ixhotyiswe ngeentlobo ezihambelanayo kunye nobuninzi bezixhobo zomlilo. Indawo yokugcina kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zonyango olungxamisekileyo oluvuzayo kunye nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokubamba.

5. I-asidi ye-Formic yimveliso yeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo kakhulu ebomini bethu.
Kubantu abaninzi, olona phawu luphambili lwe-asidi ye-formic livumba layo elibukhali, elinokunukelwa kude, kodwa oku kukwabonakala kuninzi lwabantu kwi-asidi ye-formic.
Ke yintoni i-asidi ye-formic? Yenzelwe ntoni? Ibonakala phi ebomini bethu? Yima, abantu abaninzi abanakuyiphendula loo nto.
Enyanisweni, kuyaqondakala ukuba i-asidi ye-formic ayiyona imveliso yoluntu emva kwayo yonke into, ukuyiqonda, okanye ukuba nolwazi oluthile, umsebenzi okanye umqobo wobugcisa.
Njengombala ongenambala, kodwa kukho ivumba elibukhali lolwelo, likwanayo i-asidi eyomeleleyo kunye ne-corrosive, ukuba asilumkanga ukusebenzisa iminwe okanye enye indawo yesikhumba kunye noqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo kunye nayo, ngoko ubuso besikhumba buya kuba ngenxa yokucaphukisa. ugwebu ngqo, kufuneka udibane nogqirha ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunyango.
Kodwa nangona i-asidi ye-formic iqhelekile ekuqondeni uluntu, kubomi bokwenyani, yenye yezona mveliso zekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, azibonakali nje kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu, kukho iindawo ezininzi ongazicinganga, enyanisweni. , i-asidi ye-formic ikhona, kwaye yenza igalelo elininzi. Bamba isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu.
I-asidi ye-formic inokufumaneka kumashishini afana ne-pesticides, isikhumba, idayi, amayeza kunye ne-rubber, ukuba uhlawula ingqalelo encinane.
I-asidi ye-formic kunye ne-aqueous solutions ye-asidi ye-formic ayikwazi nje ukunyibilikisa i-oxides yesinyithi, i-hydroxides kunye neentsimbi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kunye neefomathi ezivelisayo zinokunyibilika emanzini, ngoko zinokusetyenziswa njengeejenti zokucoca iikhemikhali.
Ukongeza kwezi zicelo zingentla, i-asidi ye-formic ingasetyenziswa ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
1. Amayeza: i-vitamin B1, i-mebendazole, i-aminopyrine, njl.;
2, izibulali-zinambuzane: i-powder rust ning, i-triazolone, i-tricyclozole, i-triamidazole, i-polybulozole, i-tenobulozole, i-ether ye-insecticidal, njl.;
3. Chemistry: calcium formate, sodium formate, ammonium formate, potassium formate, ethyl formate, barium formate, formamide, rubber antioxidant, neopentyl glycol, epoxy soybean oil, epoxy octyl soybean oil, tervalyl chloride, remover paint, phenolic resin, pickling steel. ipleyiti, njl.
I-4, isikhumba: ukulungiswa kwesikhumba, i-arhente yokutshabalalisa kunye ne-agent engathathi hlangothi;
5, irabha: irabha yendalo coagulant;
I-6, abanye: ukuprinta kunye nokudaya i-mordant, i-fiber kunye ne-ejenti yokudaya iphepha, i-ejenti yonyango, i-plasticizer, ukugcinwa kokutya kunye nezongezo zokutya kwezilwanyana, njl.